Ignore:
Timestamp:
Jul 8, 2012, 12:13:21 PM (8 years ago)
Author:
julian.reschke@…
Message:

Work-in-progress: hyperlink header field definitions (P1)

File:
1 edited

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  • draft-ietf-httpbis/latest/p1-messaging.html

    r1740 r1741  
    907907         applicable to an origin server also apply to the outbound communication of a gateway. A gateway communicates with inbound
    908908         servers using any protocol that it desires, including private extensions to HTTP that are outside the scope of this specification.
    909          However, an HTTP-to-HTTP gateway that wishes to interoperate with third-party HTTP servers <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> conform to HTTP user agent requirements on the gateway's inbound connection and <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> implement the Connection (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.1" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>) and Via (<a href="#header.via" id="rfc.xref.header.via.1" title="Via">Section&nbsp;6.2</a>) header fields for both connections.
     909         However, an HTTP-to-HTTP gateway that wishes to interoperate with third-party HTTP servers <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> conform to HTTP user agent requirements on the gateway's inbound connection and <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> implement the <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.1" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>) and <a href="#header.via" class="smpl">Via</a> (<a href="#header.via" id="rfc.xref.header.via.1" title="Via">Section&nbsp;6.2</a>) header fields for both connections.
    910910      </p>
    911911      <p id="rfc.section.2.3.p.9"><span id="rfc.iref.t.2"></span> A "<dfn>tunnel</dfn>" acts as a blind relay between two connections without changing the messages. Once active, a tunnel is not considered a party
    … …  
    985985      <p id="rfc.section.2.6.p.6">The interpretation of a header field does not change between minor versions of the same major HTTP version, though the default
    986986         behavior of a recipient in the absence of such a field can change. Unless specified otherwise, header fields defined in HTTP/1.1
    987          are defined for all versions of HTTP/1.x. In particular, the Host and Connection header fields ought to be implemented by
    988          all HTTP/1.x implementations whether or not they advertise conformance with HTTP/1.1.
     987         are defined for all versions of HTTP/1.x. In particular, the <a href="#header.host" class="smpl">Host</a> and <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header fields ought to be implemented by all HTTP/1.x implementations whether or not they advertise conformance with HTTP/1.1.
    989988      </p>
    990989      <p id="rfc.section.2.6.p.7">New header fields can be defined such that, when they are understood by a recipient, they might override or enhance the interpretation
    991990         of previously defined header fields. When an implementation receives an unrecognized header field, the recipient <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> ignore that header field for local processing regardless of the message's HTTP version. An unrecognized header field received
    992          by a proxy <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be forwarded downstream unless the header field's field-name is listed in the message's Connection header field (see <a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.2" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>). These requirements allow HTTP's functionality to be enhanced without requiring prior update of deployed intermediaries.
     991         by a proxy <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be forwarded downstream unless the header field's field-name is listed in the message's <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header field (see <a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.2" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>). These requirements allow HTTP's functionality to be enhanced without requiring prior update of deployed intermediaries.
    993992      </p>
    994993      <p id="rfc.section.2.6.p.8">Intermediaries that process HTTP messages (i.e., all intermediaries other than those acting as tunnels) <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> send their own HTTP-version in forwarded messages. In other words, they <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> blindly forward the first line of an HTTP message without ensuring that the protocol version in that message matches a version
    … …  
    12151214         them.
    12161215      </p>
    1217       <p id="rfc.section.3.2.p.5">New HTTP header fields <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> be registered with IANA according to the procedures in <a href="p2-semantics.html#considerations.for.creating.header.fields" title="Considerations for Creating Header Fields">Section 3.1</a> of <a href="#Part2" id="rfc.xref.Part2.8"><cite title="HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics, Payload and Content Negotiation">[Part2]</cite></a>. Unrecognized header fields <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be forwarded by a proxy unless the field-name is listed in the Connection header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.3" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>) or the proxy is specifically configured to block or otherwise transform such fields. Unrecognized header fields <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> be ignored by other recipients.
     1216      <p id="rfc.section.3.2.p.5">New HTTP header fields <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> be registered with IANA according to the procedures in <a href="p2-semantics.html#considerations.for.creating.header.fields" title="Considerations for Creating Header Fields">Section 3.1</a> of <a href="#Part2" id="rfc.xref.Part2.8"><cite title="HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics, Payload and Content Negotiation">[Part2]</cite></a>. Unrecognized header fields <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be forwarded by a proxy unless the field-name is listed in the <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.3" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>) or the proxy is specifically configured to block or otherwise transform such fields. Unrecognized header fields <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> be ignored by other recipients.
    12181217      </p>
    12191218      <p id="rfc.section.3.2.p.6">The order in which header fields with differing field names are received is not significant. However, it is "good practice"
    … …  
    13681367      <div id="rfc.figure.u.32"></div><pre class="inline"><span id="rfc.iref.g.51"></span>  <a href="#message.body" class="smpl">message-body</a> = *OCTET
    13691368</pre><p id="rfc.section.3.3.p.3">The rules for when a message body is allowed in a message differ for requests and responses.</p>
    1370       <p id="rfc.section.3.3.p.4">The presence of a message body in a request is signaled by a a Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding header field. Request message
    1371          framing is independent of method semantics, even if the method does not define any use for a message body.
     1369      <p id="rfc.section.3.3.p.4">The presence of a message body in a request is signaled by a a <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a> or <a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a> header field. Request message framing is independent of method semantics, even if the method does not define any use for a
     1370         message body.
    13721371      </p>
    13731372      <p id="rfc.section.3.3.p.5">The presence of a message body in a response depends on both the request method to which it is responding and the response
    1374          status code (<a href="#status-code">Paragraph&nbsp;3</a>). Responses to the HEAD request method never include a message body because the associated response header fields (e.g.,
    1375          Transfer-Encoding, Content-Length, etc.) only indicate what their values would have been if the request method had been GET. <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.2xx" class="smpl">2xx (Successful)</a> responses to CONNECT switch to tunnel mode instead of having a message body. All <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.1xx" class="smpl">1xx (Informational)</a>, <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.204" class="smpl">204 (No Content)</a>, and <a href="p4-conditional.html#status.304" class="smpl">304 (Not Modified)</a> responses <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> include a message body. All other responses do include a message body, although the body <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> be of zero length. (See <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.codes" title="Status Codes">Section 4</a> of <a href="#Part2" id="rfc.xref.Part2.9"><cite title="HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics, Payload and Content Negotiation">[Part2]</cite></a> and <a href="p4-conditional.html#status.304" title="304 Not Modified">Section 4.1</a> of <a href="#Part4" id="rfc.xref.Part4.1"><cite title="HTTP/1.1, part 4: Conditional Requests">[Part4]</cite></a>.)
     1373         status code (<a href="#status-code">Paragraph&nbsp;3</a>). Responses to the HEAD request method never include a message body because the associated response header fields (e.g., <a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a>, <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a>, etc.) only indicate what their values would have been if the request method had been GET. <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.2xx" class="smpl">2xx (Successful)</a> responses to CONNECT switch to tunnel mode instead of having a message body. All <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.1xx" class="smpl">1xx (Informational)</a>, <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.204" class="smpl">204 (No Content)</a>, and <a href="p4-conditional.html#status.304" class="smpl">304 (Not Modified)</a> responses <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> include a message body. All other responses do include a message body, although the body <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> be of zero length. (See <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.codes" title="Status Codes">Section 4</a> of <a href="#Part2" id="rfc.xref.Part2.9"><cite title="HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics, Payload and Content Negotiation">[Part2]</cite></a> and <a href="p4-conditional.html#status.304" title="304 Not Modified">Section 4.1</a> of <a href="#Part4" id="rfc.xref.Part4.1"><cite title="HTTP/1.1, part 4: Conditional Requests">[Part4]</cite></a>.)
    13761374      </p>
    13771375      <div id="rfc.iref.t.4"></div>
    … …  
    14141412      <div id="rfc.iref.h.7"></div>
    14151413      <h3 id="rfc.section.3.3.2"><a href="#rfc.section.3.3.2">3.3.2</a>&nbsp;<a id="header.content-length" href="#header.content-length">Content-Length</a></h3>
    1416       <p id="rfc.section.3.3.2.p.1">When a message does not have a Transfer-Encoding header field and the payload body length can be determined prior to being
    1417          transferred, a Content-Length header field <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> be sent to indicate the length of the payload body that is either present as the message body, for requests and non-HEAD responses
     1414      <p id="rfc.section.3.3.2.p.1">When a message does not have a <a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a> header field and the payload body length can be determined prior to being transferred, a Content-Length header field <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> be sent to indicate the length of the payload body that is either present as the message body, for requests and non-HEAD responses
    14181415         other than <a href="p4-conditional.html#status.304" class="smpl">304 (Not Modified)</a>, or would have been present had the request been an unconditional GET. The length is expressed as a decimal number of octets.
    14191416      </p>
    … …  
    14471444         <li>
    14481445            <p>Any <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.2xx" class="smpl">2xx (Successful)</a> response to a CONNECT request implies that the connection will become a tunnel immediately after the empty line that concludes
    1449                the header fields. A client <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> ignore any Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding header fields received in such a message.
     1446               the header fields. A client <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> ignore any <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a> or <a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a> header fields received in such a message.
    14501447            </p>
    14511448         </li>
    14521449         <li>
    1453             <p>If a Transfer-Encoding header field is present and the "chunked" transfer-coding (<a href="#chunked.encoding" title="Chunked Transfer Coding">Section&nbsp;4.1</a>) is the final encoding, the message body length is determined by reading and decoding the chunked data until the transfer-coding
     1450            <p>If a <a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a> header field is present and the "chunked" transfer-coding (<a href="#chunked.encoding" title="Chunked Transfer Coding">Section&nbsp;4.1</a>) is the final encoding, the message body length is determined by reading and decoding the chunked data until the transfer-coding
    14541451               indicates the data is complete.
    14551452            </p>
    1456             <p>If a Transfer-Encoding header field is present in a response and the "chunked" transfer-coding is not the final encoding,
    1457                the message body length is determined by reading the connection until it is closed by the server. If a Transfer-Encoding header
    1458                field is present in a request and the "chunked" transfer-coding is not the final encoding, the message body length cannot
    1459                be determined reliably; the server <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> respond with the <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.400" class="smpl">400 (Bad Request)</a> status code and then close the connection.
     1453            <p>If a <a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a> header field is present in a response and the "chunked" transfer-coding is not the final encoding, the message body length
     1454               is determined by reading the connection until it is closed by the server. If a Transfer-Encoding header field is present in
     1455               a request and the "chunked" transfer-coding is not the final encoding, the message body length cannot be determined reliably;
     1456               the server <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> respond with the <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.400" class="smpl">400 (Bad Request)</a> status code and then close the connection.
    14601457            </p>
    1461             <p>If a message is received with both a Transfer-Encoding header field and a Content-Length header field, the Transfer-Encoding
    1462                overrides the Content-Length. Such a message might indicate an attempt to perform request or response smuggling (bypass of
    1463                security-related checks on message routing or content) and thus ought to be handled as an error. The provided Content-Length <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be removed, prior to forwarding the message downstream, or replaced with the real message body length after the transfer-coding
     1458            <p>If a message is received with both a <a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a> and a <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a> header field, the Transfer-Encoding overrides the Content-Length. Such a message might indicate an attempt to perform request
     1459               or response smuggling (bypass of security-related checks on message routing or content) and thus ought to be handled as an
     1460               error. The provided Content-Length <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be removed, prior to forwarding the message downstream, or replaced with the real message body length after the transfer-coding
    14641461               is decoded.
    14651462            </p>
    14661463         </li>
    14671464         <li>
    1468             <p>If a message is received without Transfer-Encoding and with either multiple Content-Length header fields having differing
    1469                field-values or a single Content-Length header field having an invalid value, then the message framing is invalid and <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be treated as an error to prevent request or response smuggling. If this is a request message, the server <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> respond with a <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.400" class="smpl">400 (Bad Request)</a> status code and then close the connection. If this is a response message received by a proxy, the proxy <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> discard the received response, send a <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.502" class="smpl">502 (Bad Gateway)</a> status code as its downstream response, and then close the connection. If this is a response message received by a user-agent,
     1465            <p>If a message is received without <a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a> and with either multiple <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a> header fields having differing field-values or a single Content-Length header field having an invalid value, then the message
     1466               framing is invalid and <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be treated as an error to prevent request or response smuggling. If this is a request message, the server <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> respond with a <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.400" class="smpl">400 (Bad Request)</a> status code and then close the connection. If this is a response message received by a proxy, the proxy <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> discard the received response, send a <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.502" class="smpl">502 (Bad Gateway)</a> status code as its downstream response, and then close the connection. If this is a response message received by a user-agent,
    14701467               it <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be treated as an error by discarding the message and closing the connection.
    14711468            </p>
    14721469         </li>
    14731470         <li>
    1474             <p>If a valid Content-Length header field is present without Transfer-Encoding, its decimal value defines the message body length
    1475                in octets. If the actual number of octets sent in the message is less than the indicated Content-Length, the recipient <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> consider the message to be incomplete and treat the connection as no longer usable. If the actual number of octets sent in
     1471            <p>If a valid <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a> header field is present without <a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a>, its decimal value defines the message body length in octets. If the actual number of octets sent in the message is less
     1472               than the indicated Content-Length, the recipient <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> consider the message to be incomplete and treat the connection as no longer usable. If the actual number of octets sent in
    14761473               the message is more than the indicated Content-Length, the recipient <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> only process the message body up to the field value's number of octets; the remainder of the message <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> either be discarded or treated as the next message in a pipeline. For the sake of robustness, a user-agent <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> attempt to detect and correct such an error in message framing if it is parsing the response to the last request on a connection
    14771474               and the connection has been closed by the server.
    … …  
    14911488         with HTTP/1.0.
    14921489      </p>
    1493       <p id="rfc.section.3.3.3.p.4">A server <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> reject a request that contains a message body but not a Content-Length by responding with <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.411" class="smpl">411 (Length Required)</a>.
    1494       </p>
    1495       <p id="rfc.section.3.3.3.p.5">Unless a transfer-coding other than "chunked" has been applied, a client that sends a request containing a message body <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> use a valid Content-Length header field if the message body length is known in advance, rather than the "chunked" encoding,
    1496          since some existing services respond to "chunked" with a <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.411" class="smpl">411 (Length Required)</a> status code even though they understand the chunked encoding. This is typically because such services are implemented via
     1490      <p id="rfc.section.3.3.3.p.4">A server <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> reject a request that contains a message body but not a <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a> by responding with <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.411" class="smpl">411 (Length Required)</a>.
     1491      </p>
     1492      <p id="rfc.section.3.3.3.p.5">Unless a transfer-coding other than "chunked" has been applied, a client that sends a request containing a message body <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> use a valid <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a> header field if the message body length is known in advance, rather than the "chunked" encoding, since some existing services
     1493         respond to "chunked" with a <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.411" class="smpl">411 (Length Required)</a> status code even though they understand the chunked encoding. This is typically because such services are implemented via
    14971494         a gateway that requires a content-length in advance of being called and the server is unable or unwilling to buffer the entire
    14981495         request before processing.
    14991496      </p>
    1500       <p id="rfc.section.3.3.3.p.6">A client that sends a request containing a message body <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> include a valid Content-Length header field if it does not know the server will handle HTTP/1.1 (or later) requests; such
    1501          knowledge can be in the form of specific user configuration or by remembering the version of a prior received response.
     1497      <p id="rfc.section.3.3.3.p.6">A client that sends a request containing a message body <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> include a valid <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a> header field if it does not know the server will handle HTTP/1.1 (or later) requests; such knowledge can be in the form of
     1498         specific user configuration or by remembering the version of a prior received response.
    15021499      </p>
    15031500      <h2 id="rfc.section.3.4"><a href="#rfc.section.3.4">3.4</a>&nbsp;<a id="incomplete.messages" href="#incomplete.messages">Handling Incomplete Messages</a></h2>
    … …  
    15091506      </p>
    15101507      <p id="rfc.section.3.4.p.3">A message body that uses the chunked transfer encoding is incomplete if the zero-sized chunk that terminates the encoding
    1511          has not been received. A message that uses a valid Content-Length is incomplete if the size of the message body received (in
    1512          octets) is less than the value given by Content-Length. A response that has neither chunked transfer encoding nor Content-Length
    1513          is terminated by closure of the connection, and thus is considered complete regardless of the number of message body octets
    1514          received, provided that the header block was received intact.
     1508         has not been received. A message that uses a valid <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a> is incomplete if the size of the message body received (in octets) is less than the value given by Content-Length. A response
     1509         that has neither chunked transfer encoding nor Content-Length is terminated by closure of the connection, and thus is considered
     1510         complete regardless of the number of message body octets received, provided that the header block was received intact.
    15151511      </p>
    15161512      <p id="rfc.section.3.4.p.4">A user agent <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> render an incomplete response message body as if it were complete (i.e., some indication needs to be given to the user that
    … …  
    15511547  <a href="#rule.parameter" class="smpl">attribute</a>          = <a href="#rule.token.separators" class="smpl">token</a>
    15521548  <a href="#rule.parameter" class="smpl">value</a>              = <a href="#rule.token.separators" class="smpl">word</a>
    1553 </pre><p id="rfc.section.4.p.5">All transfer-coding values are case-insensitive. The HTTP Transfer Coding registry is defined in <a href="#transfer.coding.registry" title="Transfer Coding Registry">Section&nbsp;7.4</a>. HTTP/1.1 uses transfer-coding values in the TE header field (<a href="#header.te" id="rfc.xref.header.te.1" title="TE">Section&nbsp;4.3</a>) and in the Transfer-Encoding header field (<a href="#header.transfer-encoding" id="rfc.xref.header.transfer-encoding.2" title="Transfer-Encoding">Section&nbsp;3.3.1</a>).
     1549</pre><p id="rfc.section.4.p.5">All transfer-coding values are case-insensitive. The HTTP Transfer Coding registry is defined in <a href="#transfer.coding.registry" title="Transfer Coding Registry">Section&nbsp;7.4</a>. HTTP/1.1 uses transfer-coding values in the <a href="#header.te" class="smpl">TE</a> header field (<a href="#header.te" id="rfc.xref.header.te.1" title="TE">Section&nbsp;4.3</a>) and in the <a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a> header field (<a href="#header.transfer-encoding" id="rfc.xref.header.transfer-encoding.2" title="Transfer-Encoding">Section&nbsp;3.3.1</a>).
    15541550      </p>
    15551551      <div id="rfc.iref.c.7"></div>
    … …  
    15821578         by any chunk whose size is zero, followed by the trailer, which is terminated by an empty line.
    15831579      </p>
    1584       <p id="rfc.section.4.1.p.4">The trailer allows the sender to include additional HTTP header fields at the end of the message. The Trailer header field
    1585          can be used to indicate which header fields are included in a trailer (see <a href="#header.trailer" id="rfc.xref.header.trailer.1" title="Trailer">Section&nbsp;4.4</a>).
     1580      <p id="rfc.section.4.1.p.4">The trailer allows the sender to include additional HTTP header fields at the end of the message. The <a href="#header.trailer" class="smpl">Trailer</a> header field can be used to indicate which header fields are included in a trailer (see <a href="#header.trailer" id="rfc.xref.header.trailer.1" title="Trailer">Section&nbsp;4.4</a>).
    15861581      </p>
    15871582      <p id="rfc.section.4.1.p.5">A server using chunked transfer-coding in a response <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> use the trailer for any header fields unless at least one of the following is true:
    15881583      </p>
    15891584      <ol>
    1590          <li>the request included a TE header field that indicates "trailers" is acceptable in the transfer-coding of the response, as
    1591             described in <a href="#header.te" id="rfc.xref.header.te.2" title="TE">Section&nbsp;4.3</a>; or,
     1585         <li>the request included a <a href="#header.te" class="smpl">TE</a> header field that indicates "trailers" is acceptable in the transfer-coding of the response, as described in <a href="#header.te" id="rfc.xref.header.te.2" title="TE">Section&nbsp;4.3</a>; or,
    15921586         </li>
    15931587         <li>the trailer fields consist entirely of optional metadata, and the recipient could use the message (in a manner acceptable
    … …  
    16721666  TE:
    16731667  TE: trailers, deflate;q=0.5
    1674 </pre><p id="rfc.section.4.3.p.7">The TE header field only applies to the immediate connection. Therefore, the keyword <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be supplied within a Connection header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.4" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>) whenever TE is present in an HTTP/1.1 message.
     1668</pre><p id="rfc.section.4.3.p.7">The TE header field only applies to the immediate connection. Therefore, the keyword <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be supplied within a <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.4" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>) whenever TE is present in an HTTP/1.1 message.
    16751669      </p>
    16761670      <p id="rfc.section.4.3.p.8">A server tests whether a transfer-coding is acceptable, according to a TE field, using these rules: </p>
    … …  
    17011695      </p>
    17021696      <h3 id="rfc.section.4.3.1"><a href="#rfc.section.4.3.1">4.3.1</a>&nbsp;<a id="quality.values" href="#quality.values">Quality Values</a></h3>
    1703       <p id="rfc.section.4.3.1.p.1">Both transfer codings (TE request header field, <a href="#header.te" id="rfc.xref.header.te.3" title="TE">Section&nbsp;4.3</a>) and content negotiation (<a href="p2-semantics.html#content.negotiation" title="Content Negotiation">Section 8</a> of <a href="#Part2" id="rfc.xref.Part2.11"><cite title="HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics, Payload and Content Negotiation">[Part2]</cite></a>) use short "floating point" numbers to indicate the relative importance ("weight") of various negotiable parameters. A weight
     1697      <p id="rfc.section.4.3.1.p.1">Both transfer codings (<a href="#header.te" class="smpl">TE</a> request header field, <a href="#header.te" id="rfc.xref.header.te.3" title="TE">Section&nbsp;4.3</a>) and content negotiation (<a href="p2-semantics.html#content.negotiation" title="Content Negotiation">Section 8</a> of <a href="#Part2" id="rfc.xref.Part2.11"><cite title="HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics, Payload and Content Negotiation">[Part2]</cite></a>) use short "floating point" numbers to indicate the relative importance ("weight") of various negotiable parameters. A weight
    17041698         is normalized to a real number in the range 0 through 1, where 0 is the minimum and 1 the maximum value. If a parameter has
    17051699         a quality value of 0, then content with this parameter is "not acceptable" for the client. HTTP/1.1 applications <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> generate more than three digits after the decimal point. User configuration of these values <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> also be limited in this fashion.
    … …  
    17261720      </p>
    17271721      <ul>
    1728          <li>Transfer-Encoding</li>
    1729          <li>Content-Length</li>
    1730          <li>Trailer</li>
     1722         <li><a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a></li>
     1723         <li><a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a></li>
     1724         <li><a href="#header.trailer" class="smpl">Trailer</a></li>
    17311725      </ul>
    17321726      <h1 id="rfc.section.5"><a href="#rfc.section.5">5.</a>&nbsp;<a id="message.routing" href="#message.routing">Message Routing</a></h1>
    … …  
    17801774         <p id="rfc.section.5.3.p.3"><span id="rfc.iref.o.3"></span> The most common form of request-target is the origin-form. When making a request directly to an origin server, other than
    17811775            a CONNECT or server-wide OPTIONS request (as detailed below), a client <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> send only the absolute path and query components of the target URI as the request-target. If the target URI's path component
    1782             is empty, then the client <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> send "/" as the path within the origin-form of request-target. A Host header field is also sent, as defined in <a href="#header.host" id="rfc.xref.header.host.1" title="Host">Section&nbsp;5.4</a>, containing the target URI's authority component (excluding any userinfo).
     1776            is empty, then the client <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> send "/" as the path within the origin-form of request-target. A <a href="#header.host" class="smpl">Host</a> header field is also sent, as defined in <a href="#header.host" id="rfc.xref.header.host.1" title="Host">Section&nbsp;5.4</a>, containing the target URI's authority component (excluding any userinfo).
    17831777         </p>
    17841778      </div>
    … …  
    18511845      <div id="rfc.iref.e.1"></div>
    18521846      <h2 id="rfc.section.5.5"><a href="#rfc.section.5.5">5.5</a>&nbsp;<a id="effective.request.uri" href="#effective.request.uri">Effective Request URI</a></h2>
    1853       <p id="rfc.section.5.5.p.1">A server that receives an HTTP request message <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> reconstruct the user agent's original target URI, based on the pieces of information learned from the request-target, Host,
    1854          and connection context, in order to identify the intended target resource and properly service the request. The URI derived
    1855          from this reconstruction process is referred to as the "effective request URI".
     1847      <p id="rfc.section.5.5.p.1">A server that receives an HTTP request message <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> reconstruct the user agent's original target URI, based on the pieces of information learned from the request-target, <a href="#header.host" class="smpl">Host</a> header field, and connection context, in order to identify the intended target resource and properly service the request.
     1848         The URI derived from this reconstruction process is referred to as the "effective request URI".
    18561849      </p>
    18571850      <p id="rfc.section.5.5.p.2">For a user agent, the effective request URI is the target URI.</p>
    … …  
    18631856      </p>
    18641857      <p id="rfc.section.5.5.p.5">If the request-target is in authority-form, then the effective request URI's authority component is the same as the request-target.
    1865          Otherwise, if a Host header field is supplied with a non-empty field-value, then the authority component is the same as the
    1866          Host field-value. Otherwise, the authority component is the concatenation of the default host name configured for the server,
    1867          a colon (":"), and the connection's incoming TCP port number in decimal form.
     1858         Otherwise, if a <a href="#header.host" class="smpl">Host</a> header field is supplied with a non-empty field-value, then the authority component is the same as the Host field-value. Otherwise,
     1859         the authority component is the concatenation of the default host name configured for the server, a colon (":"), and the connection's
     1860         incoming TCP port number in decimal form.
    18681861      </p>
    18691862      <p id="rfc.section.5.5.p.6">If the request-target is in authority-form or asterisk-form, then the effective request URI's combined path and query component
    … …  
    18831876</pre> <div id="rfc.figure.u.58"></div>
    18841877      <p>has an effective request URI of</p>  <pre class="text">https://www.example.org
    1885 </pre> <p id="rfc.section.5.5.p.12">An origin server that does not allow resources to differ by requested host <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> ignore the Host field-value and instead replace it with a configured server name when constructing the effective request URI.
    1886       </p>
    1887       <p id="rfc.section.5.5.p.13">Recipients of an HTTP/1.0 request that lacks a Host header field <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> attempt to use heuristics (e.g., examination of the URI path for something unique to a particular host) in order to guess
     1878</pre> <p id="rfc.section.5.5.p.12">An origin server that does not allow resources to differ by requested host <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> ignore the <a href="#header.host" class="smpl">Host</a> field-value and instead replace it with a configured server name when constructing the effective request URI.
     1879      </p>
     1880      <p id="rfc.section.5.5.p.13">Recipients of an HTTP/1.0 request that lacks a <a href="#header.host" class="smpl">Host</a> header field <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> attempt to use heuristics (e.g., examination of the URI path for something unique to a particular host) in order to guess
    18881881         the effective request URI's authority component.
    18891882      </p>
    … …  
    19011894         except as noted above to replace an empty path with "/" or "*".
    19021895      </p>
    1903       <p id="rfc.section.5.6.p.5">Intermediaries that forward a message <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> implement the Connection header field as specified in <a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.5" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>.
     1896      <p id="rfc.section.5.6.p.5">Intermediaries that forward a message <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> implement the <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header field as specified in <a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.5" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>.
    19041897      </p>
    19051898      <h3 id="rfc.section.5.6.1"><a href="#rfc.section.5.6.1">5.6.1</a>&nbsp;<a id="end-to-end.and.hop-by-hop.header-fields" href="#end-to-end.and.hop-by-hop.header-fields">End-to-end and Hop-by-hop Header Fields</a></h3>
    … …  
    19151908      <p id="rfc.section.5.6.1.p.2">The following HTTP/1.1 header fields are hop-by-hop header fields: </p>
    19161909      <ul>
    1917          <li>Connection</li>
    1918          <li>Keep-Alive</li>
    1919          <li>Proxy-Authenticate</li>
    1920          <li>Proxy-Authorization</li>
    1921          <li>TE</li>
    1922          <li>Trailer</li>
    1923          <li>Transfer-Encoding</li>
    1924          <li>Upgrade</li>
     1910         <li><a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a></li>
     1911         <li>Keep-Alive (<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2068#section-19.7.1.1">Section 19.7.1.1</a> of <a href="#RFC2068" id="rfc.xref.RFC2068.3"><cite title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1">[RFC2068]</cite></a>)
     1912         </li>
     1913         <li><a href="p7-auth.html#header.proxy-authenticate" class="smpl">Proxy-Authenticate</a> (<a href="p7-auth.html#header.proxy-authenticate" title="Proxy-Authenticate">Section 4.2</a> of <a href="#Part7" id="rfc.xref.Part7.1"><cite title="HTTP/1.1, part 7: Authentication">[Part7]</cite></a>)
     1914         </li>
     1915         <li><a href="p7-auth.html#header.proxy-authorization" class="smpl">Proxy-Authorization</a> (<a href="p7-auth.html#header.proxy-authorization" title="Proxy-Authorization">Section 4.3</a> of <a href="#Part7" id="rfc.xref.Part7.2"><cite title="HTTP/1.1, part 7: Authentication">[Part7]</cite></a>)
     1916         </li>
     1917         <li><a href="#header.te" class="smpl">TE</a></li>
     1918         <li><a href="#header.trailer" class="smpl">Trailer</a></li>
     1919         <li><a href="#header.transfer-encoding" class="smpl">Transfer-Encoding</a></li>
     1920         <li><a href="#header.upgrade" class="smpl">Upgrade</a></li>
    19251921      </ul>
    19261922      <p id="rfc.section.5.6.1.p.3">All other header fields defined by HTTP/1.1 are end-to-end header fields.</p>
    1927       <p id="rfc.section.5.6.1.p.4">Other hop-by-hop header fields <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be listed in a Connection header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.6" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>).
     1923      <p id="rfc.section.5.6.1.p.4">Other hop-by-hop header fields <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be listed in a <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.6" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>).
    19281924      </p>
    19291925      <h3 id="rfc.section.5.6.2"><a href="#rfc.section.5.6.2">5.6.2</a>&nbsp;<a id="non-modifiable.header-fields" href="#non-modifiable.header-fields">Non-modifiable Header Fields</a></h3>
    … …  
    20922088      </p>
    20932089      <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.p.2">Persistent connections provide a mechanism by which a client and a server can signal the close of a TCP connection. This signaling
    2094          takes place using the Connection header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.7" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>). Once a close has been signaled, the client <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> send any more requests on that connection.
     2090         takes place using the <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.7" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>). Once a close has been signaled, the client <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> send any more requests on that connection.
    20952091      </p>
    20962092      <h4 id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1"><a href="#rfc.section.6.3.2.1">6.3.2.1</a>&nbsp;<a id="persistent.negotiation" href="#persistent.negotiation">Negotiation</a></h4>
    2097       <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1.p.1">An HTTP/1.1 server <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> assume that a HTTP/1.1 client intends to maintain a persistent connection unless a Connection header field including the connection
    2098          option "close" was sent in the request. If the server chooses to close the connection immediately after sending the response,
    2099          it <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> send a Connection header field including the connection option "close".
     2093      <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1.p.1">An HTTP/1.1 server <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> assume that a HTTP/1.1 client intends to maintain a persistent connection unless a <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header field including the connection option "close" was sent in the request. If the server chooses to close the connection
     2094         immediately after sending the response, it <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> send a Connection header field including the connection option "close".
    21002095      </p>
    21012096      <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1.p.2">An HTTP/1.1 client <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> expect a connection to remain open, but would decide to keep it open based on whether the response from a server contains
    2102          a Connection header field with the connection option "close". In case the client does not want to maintain a connection for
    2103          more than that request, it <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> send a Connection header field including the connection option "close".
    2104       </p>
    2105       <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1.p.3">If either the client or the server sends the "close" option in the Connection header field, that request becomes the last
    2106          one for the connection.
     2097         a <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header field with the connection option "close". In case the client does not want to maintain a connection for more than that
     2098         request, it <em class="bcp14">SHOULD</em> send a Connection header field including the connection option "close".
     2099      </p>
     2100      <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1.p.3">If either the client or the server sends the "close" option in the <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header field, that request becomes the last one for the connection.
    21072101      </p>
    21082102      <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1.p.4">Clients and servers <em class="bcp14">SHOULD NOT</em> assume that a persistent connection is maintained for HTTP versions less than 1.1 unless it is explicitly signaled. See <a href="#compatibility.with.http.1.0.persistent.connections" title="Keep-Alive Connections">Appendix&nbsp;A.1.2</a> for more information on backward compatibility with HTTP/1.0 clients.
    21092103      </p>
    21102104      <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1.p.5">Each persistent connection applies to only one transport link.</p>
    2111       <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1.p.6">A proxy server <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> establish a HTTP/1.1 persistent connection with an HTTP/1.0 client (but see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2068#section-19.7.1">Section 19.7.1</a> of <a href="#RFC2068" id="rfc.xref.RFC2068.3"><cite title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1">[RFC2068]</cite></a> for information and discussion of the problems with the Keep-Alive header field implemented by many HTTP/1.0 clients).
     2105      <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1.p.6">A proxy server <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> establish a HTTP/1.1 persistent connection with an HTTP/1.0 client (but see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2068#section-19.7.1">Section 19.7.1</a> of <a href="#RFC2068" id="rfc.xref.RFC2068.4"><cite title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1">[RFC2068]</cite></a> for information and discussion of the problems with the Keep-Alive header field implemented by many HTTP/1.0 clients).
    21122106      </p>
    21132107      <p id="rfc.section.6.3.2.1.p.7">In order to remain persistent, all messages on the connection <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> have a self-defined message length (i.e., one not defined by closure of the connection), as described in <a href="#message.body" title="Message Body">Section&nbsp;3.3</a>.
    … …  
    21822176         </li>
    21832177         <li>An origin server <em class="bcp14">SHOULD NOT</em> send a <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.100" class="smpl">100 (Continue)</a> response if the request message does not include an <a href="p2-semantics.html#header.expect" class="smpl">Expect</a> header field with the "100-continue" expectation, and <em class="bcp14">MUST NOT</em> send a <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.100" class="smpl">100 (Continue)</a> response if such a request comes from an HTTP/1.0 (or earlier) client. There is an exception to this rule: for compatibility
    2184             with <a href="#RFC2068" id="rfc.xref.RFC2068.4"><cite title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1">[RFC2068]</cite></a>, a server <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> send a <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.100" class="smpl">100 (Continue)</a> status code in response to an HTTP/1.1 PUT or POST request that does not include an Expect header field with the "100-continue"
     2178            with <a href="#RFC2068" id="rfc.xref.RFC2068.5"><cite title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1">[RFC2068]</cite></a>, a server <em class="bcp14">MAY</em> send a <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.100" class="smpl">100 (Continue)</a> status code in response to an HTTP/1.1 PUT or POST request that does not include an Expect header field with the "100-continue"
    21852179            expectation. This exception, the purpose of which is to minimize any client processing delays associated with an undeclared
    21862180            wait for <a href="p2-semantics.html#status.100" class="smpl">100 (Continue)</a> status code, applies only to HTTP/1.1 requests, and not to requests with any other HTTP-version value.
    … …  
    22402234         although the first action after changing the protocol <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be a response to the initial HTTP request containing the Upgrade header field.
    22412235      </p>
    2242       <p id="rfc.section.6.5.p.7">The Upgrade header field only applies to the immediate connection. Therefore, the upgrade keyword <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be supplied within a Connection header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.8" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>) whenever Upgrade is present in an HTTP/1.1 message.
     2236      <p id="rfc.section.6.5.p.7">The Upgrade header field only applies to the immediate connection. Therefore, the upgrade keyword <em class="bcp14">MUST</em> be supplied within a <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a> header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.8" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>) whenever Upgrade is present in an HTTP/1.1 message.
    22432237      </p>
    22442238      <p id="rfc.section.6.5.p.8">The Upgrade header field cannot be used to indicate a switch to a protocol on a different connection. For that purpose, it
    … …  
    23312325      </div>
    23322326      <p id="rfc.section.7.1.p.3">Furthermore, the header field-name "Close" shall be registered as "reserved", since using that name as an HTTP header field
    2333          might conflict with the "close" connection option of the "Connection" header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.10" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>).
     2327         might conflict with the "close" connection option of the "<a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a>" header field (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.10" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>).
    23342328      </p>
    23352329      <div id="rfc.table.u.1">
    … …  
    25552549      </div>
    25562550      <h2 id="rfc.section.7.6"><a href="#rfc.section.7.6">7.6</a>&nbsp;<a id="upgrade.token.registry" href="#upgrade.token.registry">Upgrade Token Registry</a></h2>
    2557       <p id="rfc.section.7.6.p.1">The HTTP Upgrade Token Registry defines the name space for protocol-name tokens used to identify protocols in the Upgrade
    2558          header field. Each registered protocol-name is associated with contact information and an optional set of specifications that
     2551      <p id="rfc.section.7.6.p.1">The HTTP Upgrade Token Registry defines the name space for protocol-name tokens used to identify protocols in the <a href="#header.upgrade" class="smpl">Upgrade</a> header field. Each registered protocol name is associated with contact information and an optional set of specifications that
    25592552         details how the connection will be processed after it has been upgraded.
    25602553      </p>
    … …  
    26722665      </p>
    26732666      <h1 id="rfc.section.9"><a href="#rfc.section.9">9.</a>&nbsp;<a id="acks" href="#acks">Acknowledgments</a></h1>
    2674       <p id="rfc.section.9.p.1">This edition of HTTP builds on the many contributions that went into <a href="#RFC1945" id="rfc.xref.RFC1945.2">RFC 1945</a>, <a href="#RFC2068" id="rfc.xref.RFC2068.5">RFC 2068</a>, <a href="#RFC2145" id="rfc.xref.RFC2145.3">RFC 2145</a>, and <a href="#RFC2616" id="rfc.xref.RFC2616.4">RFC 2616</a>, including substantial contributions made by the previous authors, editors, and working group chairs: Tim Berners-Lee, Ari
     2667      <p id="rfc.section.9.p.1">This edition of HTTP builds on the many contributions that went into <a href="#RFC1945" id="rfc.xref.RFC1945.2">RFC 1945</a>, <a href="#RFC2068" id="rfc.xref.RFC2068.6">RFC 2068</a>, <a href="#RFC2145" id="rfc.xref.RFC2145.3">RFC 2145</a>, and <a href="#RFC2616" id="rfc.xref.RFC2616.4">RFC 2616</a>, including substantial contributions made by the previous authors, editors, and working group chairs: Tim Berners-Lee, Ari
    26752668         Luotonen, Roy T. Fielding, Henrik Frystyk Nielsen, Jim Gettys, Jeffrey C. Mogul, Larry Masinter, Paul J. Leach, and Mark Nottingham.
    26762669         See <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-16">Section 16</a> of <a href="#RFC2616" id="rfc.xref.RFC2616.5"><cite title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1">[RFC2616]</cite></a> for additional acknowledgements from prior revisions.
    … …  
    27122705      <h2 id="rfc.references.1"><a href="#rfc.section.10.1" id="rfc.section.10.1">10.1</a> Normative References
    27132706      </h2>
    2714       <table>                       
     2707      <table>                         
    27152708         <tr>
    27162709            <td class="reference"><b id="ISO-8859-1">[ISO-8859-1]</b></td>
    … …  
    27352728            <td class="reference"><b id="Part6">[Part6]</b></td>
    27362729            <td class="top"><a href="mailto:fielding@gbiv.com" title="Adobe Systems Incorporated">Fielding, R., Ed.</a>, <a href="mailto:ylafon@w3.org" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Lafon, Y., Ed.</a>, <a href="mailto:mnot@mnot.net" title="Rackspace">Nottingham, M., Ed.</a>, and <a href="mailto:julian.reschke@greenbytes.de" title="greenbytes GmbH">J. Reschke, Ed.</a>, “<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-p6-cache-latest">HTTP/1.1, part 6: Caching</a>”, Internet-Draft&nbsp;draft-ietf-httpbis-p6-cache-latest (work in progress), July&nbsp;2012.
     2730            </td>
     2731         </tr>
     2732         <tr>
     2733            <td class="reference"><b id="Part7">[Part7]</b></td>
     2734            <td class="top"><a href="mailto:fielding@gbiv.com" title="Adobe Systems Incorporated">Fielding, R., Ed.</a>, <a href="mailto:ylafon@w3.org" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Lafon, Y., Ed.</a>, and <a href="mailto:julian.reschke@greenbytes.de" title="greenbytes GmbH">J. Reschke, Ed.</a>, “<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-p7-auth-latest">HTTP/1.1, part 7: Authentication</a>”, Internet-Draft&nbsp;draft-ietf-httpbis-p7-auth-latest (work in progress), July&nbsp;2012.
    27372735            </td>
    27382736         </tr>
    … …  
    29282926      </p>
    29292927      <p id="rfc.section.A.p.4">Since HTTP/0.9 did not support header fields in a request, there is no mechanism for it to support name-based virtual hosts
    2930          (selection of resource by inspection of the Host header field). Any server that implements name-based virtual hosts ought
    2931          to disable support for HTTP/0.9. Most requests that appear to be HTTP/0.9 are, in fact, badly constructed HTTP/1.x requests
    2932          wherein a buggy client failed to properly encode linear whitespace found in a URI reference and placed in the request-target.
     2928         (selection of resource by inspection of the <a href="#header.host" class="smpl">Host</a> header field). Any server that implements name-based virtual hosts ought to disable support for HTTP/0.9. Most requests that
     2929         appear to be HTTP/0.9 are, in fact, badly constructed HTTP/1.x requests wherein a buggy client failed to properly encode linear
     2930         whitespace found in a URI reference and placed in the request-target.
    29332931      </p>
    29342932      <h2 id="rfc.section.A.1"><a href="#rfc.section.A.1">A.1</a>&nbsp;<a id="changes.from.1.0" href="#changes.from.1.0">Changes from HTTP/1.0</a></h2>
    29352933      <p id="rfc.section.A.1.p.1">This section summarizes major differences between versions HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1.</p>
    29362934      <h3 id="rfc.section.A.1.1"><a href="#rfc.section.A.1.1">A.1.1</a>&nbsp;<a id="changes.to.simplify.multi-homed.web.servers.and.conserve.ip.addresses" href="#changes.to.simplify.multi-homed.web.servers.and.conserve.ip.addresses">Multi-homed Web Servers</a></h3>
    2937       <p id="rfc.section.A.1.1.p.1">The requirements that clients and servers support the Host header field (<a href="#header.host" id="rfc.xref.header.host.3" title="Host">Section&nbsp;5.4</a>), report an error if it is missing from an HTTP/1.1 request, and accept absolute URIs (<a href="#request-target" title="Request Target">Section&nbsp;5.3</a>) are among the most important changes defined by HTTP/1.1.
     2935      <p id="rfc.section.A.1.1.p.1">The requirements that clients and servers support the <a href="#header.host" class="smpl">Host</a> header field (<a href="#header.host" id="rfc.xref.header.host.3" title="Host">Section&nbsp;5.4</a>), report an error if it is missing from an HTTP/1.1 request, and accept absolute URIs (<a href="#request-target" title="Request Target">Section&nbsp;5.3</a>) are among the most important changes defined by HTTP/1.1.
    29382936      </p>
    29392937      <p id="rfc.section.A.1.1.p.2">Older HTTP/1.0 clients assumed a one-to-one relationship of IP addresses and servers; there was no other established mechanism
    2940          for distinguishing the intended server of a request than the IP address to which that request was directed. The Host header
    2941          field was introduced during the development of HTTP/1.1 and, though it was quickly implemented by most HTTP/1.0 browsers,
     2938         for distinguishing the intended server of a request than the IP address to which that request was directed. The <a href="#header.host" class="smpl">Host</a> header field was introduced during the development of HTTP/1.1 and, though it was quickly implemented by most HTTP/1.0 browsers,
    29422939         additional requirements were placed on all HTTP/1.1 requests in order to ensure complete adoption. At the time of this writing,
    29432940         most HTTP-based services are dependent upon the Host header field for targeting requests.
    … …  
    29462943      <p id="rfc.section.A.1.2.p.1">In HTTP/1.0, each connection is established by the client prior to the request and closed by the server after sending the
    29472944         response. However, some implementations implement the explicitly negotiated ("Keep-Alive") version of persistent connections
    2948          described in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2068#section-19.7.1">Section 19.7.1</a> of <a href="#RFC2068" id="rfc.xref.RFC2068.6"><cite title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1">[RFC2068]</cite></a>.
     2945         described in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2068#section-19.7.1">Section 19.7.1</a> of <a href="#RFC2068" id="rfc.xref.RFC2068.7"><cite title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1">[RFC2068]</cite></a>.
    29492946      </p>
    29502947      <p id="rfc.section.A.1.2.p.2">Some clients and servers might wish to be compatible with these previous approaches to persistent connections, by explicitly
    29512948         negotiating for them with a "Connection: keep-alive" request header field. However, some experimental implementations of HTTP/1.0
    2952          persistent connections are faulty; for example, if a HTTP/1.0 proxy server doesn't understand Connection, it will erroneously
    2953          forward that header to the next inbound server, which would result in a hung connection.
     2949         persistent connections are faulty; for example, if a HTTP/1.0 proxy server doesn't understand <a href="#header.connection" class="smpl">Connection</a>, it will erroneously forward that header to the next inbound server, which would result in a hung connection.
    29542950      </p>
    29552951      <p id="rfc.section.A.1.2.p.3">One attempted solution was the introduction of a Proxy-Connection header, targeted specifically at proxies. In practice, this
    … …  
    29802976      <p id="rfc.section.A.2.p.6">Empty list elements in list productions have been deprecated. (<a href="#abnf.extension" title="ABNF list extension: #rule">Section&nbsp;3.2.5</a>)
    29812977      </p>
    2982       <p id="rfc.section.A.2.p.7">Require recipients to handle bogus Content-Length header fields as errors. (<a href="#message.body" title="Message Body">Section&nbsp;3.3</a>)
     2978      <p id="rfc.section.A.2.p.7">Require recipients to handle bogus <a href="#header.content-length" class="smpl">Content-Length</a> header fields as errors. (<a href="#message.body" title="Message Body">Section&nbsp;3.3</a>)
    29832979      </p>
    29842980      <p id="rfc.section.A.2.p.8">Remove reference to non-existent identity transfer-coding value tokens. (Sections <a href="#message.body" title="Message Body">3.3</a> and <a href="#transfer.codings" title="Transfer Codings">4</a>)
    … …  
    29972993      <p id="rfc.section.A.2.p.14">Clarify exactly when "close" connection options have to be sent. (<a href="#header.connection" id="rfc.xref.header.connection.11" title="Connection">Section&nbsp;6.1</a>)
    29982994      </p>
    2999       <p id="rfc.section.A.2.p.15">Define the semantics of the "Upgrade" header field in responses other than 101 (this was incorporated from <a href="#RFC2817" id="rfc.xref.RFC2817.3"><cite title="Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1">[RFC2817]</cite></a>). (<a href="#header.upgrade" id="rfc.xref.header.upgrade.2" title="Upgrade">Section&nbsp;6.5</a>)
     2995      <p id="rfc.section.A.2.p.15">Define the semantics of the <a href="#header.upgrade" class="smpl">Upgrade</a> header field in responses other than 101 (this was incorporated from <a href="#RFC2817" id="rfc.xref.RFC2817.3"><cite title="Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1">[RFC2817]</cite></a>). (<a href="#header.upgrade" id="rfc.xref.header.upgrade.2" title="Upgrade">Section&nbsp;6.5</a>)
    30002996      </p>
    30012997      <h1 id="rfc.section.B"><a href="#rfc.section.B">B.</a>&nbsp;<a id="collected.abnf" href="#collected.abnf">Collected ABNF</a></h1>
    … …  
    37723768                     </ul>
    37733769                  </li>
     3770                  <li><em>Part7</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.xref.Part7.1">5.6.1</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.Part7.2">5.6.1</a>, <a href="#Part7"><b>10.1</b></a><ul>
     3771                        <li><em>Section 4.2</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.xref.Part7.1">5.6.1</a></li>
     3772                        <li><em>Section 4.3</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.xref.Part7.2">5.6.1</a></li>
     3773                     </ul>
     3774                  </li>
    37743775                  <li>proxy&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.iref.p.1"><b>2.3</b></a></li>
    37753776               </ul>
    … …  
    37923793                  </li>
    37933794                  <li><em>RFC2047</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2047.1">3.2.2</a>, <a href="#RFC2047"><b>10.2</b></a></li>
    3794                   <li><em>RFC2068</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.1">§</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.2">2.6</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.3">6.3.2.1</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.4">6.4.3</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.5">9</a>, <a href="#RFC2068"><b>10.2</b></a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.6">A.1.2</a><ul>
    3795                         <li><em>Section 19.7.1</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.3">6.3.2.1</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.6">A.1.2</a></li>
     3795                  <li><em>RFC2068</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.1">§</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.2">2.6</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.3">5.6.1</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.4">6.3.2.1</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.5">6.4.3</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.6">9</a>, <a href="#RFC2068"><b>10.2</b></a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.7">A.1.2</a><ul>
     3796                        <li><em>Section 19.7.1.1</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.3">5.6.1</a></li>
     3797                        <li><em>Section 19.7.1</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.4">6.3.2.1</a>, <a href="#rfc.xref.RFC2068.7">A.1.2</a></li>
    37963798                     </ul>
    37973799                  </li>
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